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强调
九个新成员国（巴西，丹麦，爱沙尼亚，乔治亚州，希腊，挪威，巴基斯坦，罗马尼亚和北马其顿）在过去24小时内报告了COVID-19病例。
世卫组织和世界旅游组织发表了关于旅游业和COVID-19的责任和协调的联合声明。 有关更多信息，请访问此网页。
OpenWHO，一个基于网络的学习平台，已经推出了葡萄牙语免费在线课程，包括葡萄牙语的新型呼吸道病毒简介和《呼吸道疾病健康与安全简报》-ePROTECT今日使用法语。
世卫组织正在利用国际专家实验室网络为全球检测COVID-19病毒提供支持。 有关更多信息，请参见下面的主题。
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HIGHLIGHTS
Nine new Member States (Brazil, Denmark, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Norway, Pakistan, Romania, and North Macedonia) reported cases of COVID-19 in the past 24 hours.
WHO and the World Tourism Organization released a joint statement regarding responsibility and coordination on tourism and COVID-19. For more information, please visit this webpage.
OpenWHO, a web-based learning platform, has launched the free online courses Introduction to Emerging Respiratory Viruses, Including Novel Coronovirus, in Portuguese and Health and Safety Briefing for Respiratory Diseases – ePROTECT in French today.
WHO is utilizing an international network of expert laboratories to provide support in the detection of the COVID-19 virus globally. For more information, please see the Subject in Focus below.
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焦点情况：实验室网络和检测
2020年1月9日，世卫组织发布了检测新型冠状病毒的临时实验室指南。 随着更多数据的获得，该指南将不断更新，其中包括有关样品收集，诊断测试和病原体鉴定的建议。 实验室中有关生物安全的具体临时指南也已发布。 国际标本运输指南即将更新。 世卫组织正在利用国际专家实验室网络为全球检测COVID-19病毒提供支持。
疫情的诊断状况正在迅速改变。使用基因组测序检测了第一批COVID-19病例，但此后开发了多种RT-PCR商业和非商业化验方法。随着国际案件数量的增加，迫切需要迅速扩大诊断能力，以检测和确认COVID-19案件。世卫组织采取了三管齐下的方法来增强对COVID-19病毒的全球诊断能力：
1）建立由15个COVID-19参考实验室组成的WHO网络，这些实验室在冠状病毒的分子检测方面具有公认的专业知识。这些国际实验室可以支持国家实验室确认COVID-19病毒并对其分子分析进行故障排除。
2）加强国家检测COVID-19病毒的能力，以便可以快速进行诊断测试，而无需海外运输。目前正在利用现有的全球呼吸道病原体检测网络，其中包括支持全球流感监测和应对系统的国家流感中心。
3）确保持续的测试可用性。世卫组织已经购买了具有强大性能数据的商业化验（根据ISO：13485制造），并已运往全球150多个实验室，作为对寻求支持的会员国的临时措施。主要目标是增强检测COVID-19病毒的全球诊断能力。现在还提供了支持，以通过实施外部质量保证机制来确保测试的质量。
公共卫生工作的目标是中断进一步传播和监测COVID-19的传播。随着无症状病例报告的增加，对可靠的血清学检测的需求变得越来越紧迫。有许多小组正在对此进行研究，并且正在监视开发情况。
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SITUATION IN FOCUS: Laboratory Network and Detection
On 9 January 2020, WHO published interim laboratory guidance for detection of the novel coronavirus. This guidance is continually updated as more data becomes available and includes advice on sample collection, diagnostic testing, and pathogen characterization. Specific interim guidance on biosafety in the laboratory has also been published. An update to the guidance for the international shipment of specimens will follow soon. WHO is utilizing an international network of expert laboratories to provide support in the detection of the COVID-19 virus globally.
The diagnostic landscape of this outbreak is changing quickly. The first COVID-19 cases were detected using genomic sequencing, but multiple RT-PCR commercial and non-commercial assays have since been developed. As the international case load increases, there is an urgent need to rapidly scale up diagnostic capacity to detect and confirm cases of COVID-19. WHO has taken a three-pronged approach to enhance global diagnostic capacity for the COVID-19 virus:
1) Developing a WHO network of 15 COVID-19 reference laboratories with demonstrated expertise in the molecular detection of coronaviruses. These international laboratories can support national labs to confirm the COVID-19 virus and troubleshoot their molecular assays.
2) Strengthening national capacity for detection of the COVID-19 virus so that diagnostic testing can be performed rapidly without the need for overseas shipping. Existing global networks for detection of respiratory pathogens are being utilized including, notably, the National Influenza Centers that support the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System.
3) Ensuring ongoing test availability. WHO has procured a commercial assay (manufactured under ISO:13485) with strong performance data and shipped to over 150 laboratories globally as an interim measure for Member States requesting support. The main goal is to strengthen global diagnostic capacity for detection of the COVID-19 virus. Support is now also provided to ensure the quality of testing through the implementation of an External Quality Assurance mechanism.
Public health efforts are targeted at both interrupting further transmission and monitoring the spread of COVID-19. As reports of asymptomatic cases increase, the need for reliable serology testing is becoming more urgent. There are a number of groups working on this and developments are being monitored.
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战略目标
世卫组织对此作出反应的战略目标是：
中断人与人之间的传播，包括减少亲密接触者和医护人员之间的继发感染，防止传播扩大事件以及防止进一步的国际传播*；
尽早识别，隔离和护理患者，包括为感染患者提供最佳护理；
查明并减少动物来源的传播；
解决有关临床严重性，传播和感染程度，治疗选择的关键未知问题，并加快诊断，治疗和疫苗的开发；
向所有社区传达重要的风险和事件信息，并消除错误信息；
通过多部门伙伴关系最大程度地减少社会和经济影响。
*这可以通过结合公共卫生措施来实现，例如快速识别，诊断和管理病例，识别和跟踪接触者，在医疗机构中预防和控制感染，为旅行者实施健康措施，提高认识-人口增加和风险沟通。
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STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
WHO’s strategic objectives for this response are to:
Interrupt human-to-human transmission including reducing secondary infections among close contacts and health care workers, preventing transmission amplification events, and preventing further international spread*;
Identify, isolate and care for patients early, including providing optimized care for infected patients;
Identify and reduce transmission from the animal source;
Address crucial unknowns regarding clinical severity, extent of transmission and infection, treatment options, and accelerate the development of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines;
Communicate critical risk and event information to all communities and counter misinformation;
Minimize social and economic impact through multisectoral partnerships.
*This can be achieved through a combination of public health measures, such as rapid identification, diagnosis and management of the cases, identification and follow up of the contacts, infection prevention and control in health care settings, implementation of health measures for travelers, awareness-raising in the population and risk communication.
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准备和响应
要查看有关COVID-19的所有技术指导文件，请访问此网页。
世卫组织正在与国际航空运输协会（IATA）密切合作，并根据国家查询共同制定了一份指导文件，向机务人员和机场工作人员提供建议。该指南可以在IATA网页上找到。
世卫组织制定了一项调查早期病例的方案（“ 2019年新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）感染的首批少数X（FFX）病例和接触者调查方案”）。该协议旨在早日了解在任何一个国家中发现的首例COVID19感染病例的关键临床，流行病学和病毒学特征，以指导制定和更新公共卫生指南以管理病例并减少潜在的传播和影响感染。
世卫组织已与报告病例的会员国保持定期和直接联系。世卫组织还向其他国家通报情况，并根据要求提供支持。
世卫组织制定了实验室诊断的暂行指南，针对新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）爆发，临床管理，卫生保健场所感染的预防和控制，在家庭护理和卫生保健场所使用口罩的建议，怀疑患有新型冠状病毒，风险交流和社区参与的患者的家庭护理，以及新型冠状病毒对人类感染的全球监测（2019-nCoV）。
世卫组织准备了疾病商品包装，其中包括照顾2019-nCoV患者所需的生物医学设备，药品和用品的重要清单。
世卫组织提出了减少从动物传播给人类的风险的建议。
世卫组织已发布有关新型冠状病毒2019-nCoV爆发的国际贩运最新建议。
世卫组织已激活研发蓝图，以加快诊断，疫苗和治疗的速度。
世卫组织开发了有关以下主题的在线课程：对新兴呼吸道病毒的概述，包括新型冠状病毒（法语，中文，西班牙语和葡萄牙语）；重症急性呼吸道感染的重症监护；和呼吸道疾病健康与安全简报-ePROTECT
（以法语提供）；新型冠状病毒（COVID-19）的感染预防和控制；重症监护
急性呼吸道感染
世卫组织正在为早期调查提供指导，这对于在新病毒爆发时及早进行至关重要。从协议中收集的数据可用于完善监测和病例定义的建议，表征COVID-19的主要流行病学传播特征，帮助了解疾病的传播，严重程度，疾病范围，对社区的影响并为以下人群提供操作模型实施对策，例如案例隔离，联系人跟踪和隔离。这里有几种协议：
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/early-investigations
世卫组织正在与其研究人员和其他专家网络合作，以协调有关监测，流行病学，建模，诊断，临床护理和治疗以及其他识别，管理疾病和中断继续传播的方法的全球性工作。世卫组织已为各国发布了临时指南，并定期更新。
世卫组织正在与全球专家网络和伙伴关系合作，以开展实验室，感染预防和控制，临床管理和数学建模。
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PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
To view all technical guidance documents regarding COVID-19, please go to this webpage.
WHO is working closely with International Air Transport Association (IATA) and have jointly developed a guidance document to provide advice to cabin crew and airport workers, based on country queries. The guidance can be found on the IATA webpage.
WHO has developed a protocol for the investigation of early cases (the “First Few X (FFX) Cases and contact investigation protocol for 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection”). The protocol is designed to gain an early understanding of the key clinical, epidemiological and virological characteristics of the first cases of COVID19 infection detected in any individual country, to inform the development and updating of public health guidance to manage cases and reduce potential spread and impact of infection.
WHO has been in regular and direct contact with Member States where cases have been reported. WHO is also informing other countries about the situation and providing support as requested.
WHO has developed interim guidance for laboratory diagnosis, advice on the use of masks during home care and in health care settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, clinical management, infection prevention and control in health care settings, home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus, risk communication and community engagement and Global Surveillance for human infection with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
WHO has prepared disease commodity package that includes an essential list of biomedical equipment, medicines and supplies necessary to care for patients with 2019-nCoV.
WHO has provided recommendations to reduce risk of transmission from animals to humans.
WHO has published an updated advice for international traffic in relation to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV.
WHO has activated of R&D blueprint to accelerate diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics.
WHO has developed online courses on the following topics: A general introduction to emerging respiratory viruses, including novel coronaviruses (available in French, Chinese, Spanish, and Portuguese); Critical Care of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections; and Health and safety briefing for respiratory diseases - ePROTECT
(available in French); Infection Prevention and Control for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19); Critical Care Severe
Acute Respiratory Infection
WHO is providing guidance on early investigations, which are critical to carry out early in an outbreak of a new virus. The data collected from the protocols can be used to refine recommendations for surveillance and case definitions, to characterize the key epidemiological transmission features of COVID-19, help understand spread, severity, spectrum of disease, impact on the community and to inform operational models for implementation of countermeasures such as case isolation, contact tracing and isolation. Several protocols are available here:
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/early-investigations
WHO is working with its networks of researchers and other experts to coordinate global work on surveillance, epidemiology, modelling, diagnostics, clinical care and treatment, and other ways to identify, manage the disease and interrupt onward transmission. WHO has issued interim guidance for countries, which are updated regularly.
WHO is working with global expert networks and partnerships for laboratory, infection prevention and control, clinical management and mathematical modelling.
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对公众的建议和建议
如果您不在COVID-19蔓延的地区，或者您没有从这些地区之一旅行过，或者尚未与患有或感觉不适的人保持密切联系，那么目前患该病的机会很低。但是，您可能会感到压力和焦虑，这是可以理解的。掌握事实以帮助您准确确定风险是一个好主意，以便您可以采取合理的预防措施。 （请参阅常见问题）您的医疗保健提供者，您的国家公共卫生当局和您的雇主都是有关COVID-19以及是否在您所在地区的准确信息的潜在来源。重要的是要告知您的居住状况，并采取适当的措施保护自己。 （请参阅针对所有人的保护措施）。
如果您所在的地区爆发COVID-19，则需要认真对待感染的风险。遵循国家和地方卫生当局的建议。尽管对于大多数人来说，COVID-19只会引起轻度疾病，但它可能会使某些人病重。这种疾病很少会致命。老年人和患有先前疾病（例如高血压，心脏病或糖尿病）的人似乎更容易受到伤害。 （请参阅针对在COVID-19正在传播的区域（过去14天）或最近访问的人（过去14天）的保护措施）。
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RECOMMENDATIONS AND ADVICE FOR THE PUBLIC
If you are not in an area where COVID-19 is spreading, or if you have not travelled from one of those areas or have not been in close contact with someone who has and is feeling unwell, your chances of getting it are currently low. However, it’s understandable that you may feel stressed and anxious about the situation. It’s a good idea to get the facts to help you accurately determine your risks so that you can take reasonable precautions. (See Frequently Asked Questions) Your healthcare provider, your national public health authority and your employer are all potential sources of accurate information on COVID-19 and whether it is in your area. It is important to be informed of the situation where you live and take appropriate measures to protect yourself. (See Protection measures for everyone).
If you are in an area where there is an outbreak of COVID-19 you need to take the risk of infection seriously. Follow the advice issued by national and local health authorities. Although for most people COVID-19 causes only mild illness, it can make some people very ill. More rarely, the disease can be fatal. Older people, and those with preexisting medical conditions (such as high blood pressure, heart problems or diabetes) appear to be more vulnerable. (See Protection measures for persons who are in or have recently visited (past 14 days) areas where COVID-19 is spreading).
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图1. 2020年2月27日报告了确诊COVID-19病例的国家，地区或地区
图2. WHO关于COVID-19病毒的国际专家实验室。
图3. 2020年2月27日在中国境外发现的COVID-19病例（n = 338）的流行曲线，按症状发作日期和可能的暴露地点
图4.按报告日期和可能的暴露地点，2020年2月27日在中国境外发现的COVID-19病例（n = 3664）的流行曲线
表1. 2020年2月27日中国各省，地区和城市报告的确诊和疑似COVID-19急性呼吸道疾病病例
表2.报告了实验室确认的COVID-19病例和死亡的中国以外的国家，地区或地区。 截至2020年2月27日的数据
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Figure 1. Countries, territories or areas with reported confirmed cases of COVID-19, 27 February 2020
Figure 2. WHO international expert laboratories for the COVID-19 virus.
Figure 3. Epidemic curve of COVID-19 cases (n=338) identified outside of China, by date of onset of symptoms and likely exposure location, 27 February 2020
Figure 4. Epidemic curve of COVID-19 cases (n=3664) identified outside of China, by date of report and likely exposure location, 27 February 2020
Table 1. Confirmed and suspected cases of COVID-19 acute respiratory disease reported by provinces, regions and cities in China, 27 February 2020
Table 2. Countries, territories or areas outside China with reported laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. Data as of 27 February 2020
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