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强调
？五个新成员国（阿塞拜疆，厄瓜多尔，爱尔兰，摩纳哥和卡塔尔）在过去24小时内报告了COVID-19的病例。
？与临床医生合作对于理解COVID-19的临床表现，自然病史和治疗干预至关重要。 世卫组织已发布了临时临床指南，临床培训材料，并启动了一个全球临床数据平台，以收集数据并改善对COVID-19患者的护理。 这些信息对于告知公众健康至关重要。 有关更多信息，请参见聚焦主题。
？经过一段时间的下降后，中国湖北省确诊病例数连续两天增加。 世卫组织正在监测局势，并努力了解其可能的意义。
？世卫组织发布了有关COVID-19爆发的国际贩运最新建议。 他们可以在这里找到。
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HIGHLIGHTS
？ Five new Member States (Azerbaijan, Ecuador, Ireland, Monaco and Qatar) reported cases of COVID-19 in the past 24 hours.
？ Working with clinicians is crucial to understanding the clinical presentation, natural history and treatment interventions for COVID-19. WHO has published interim clinical guidance, clinical training materials and has launched a global clinical data platform to gather data and improve care for COVID-19 patients. This information is critical to inform the public health response. More information can be found in the Subject in Focus.
？ The number of confirmed cases in Hubei province, China, has increased for two successive days after a period of decline. WHO is monitoring the situation and working to understand its possible significance.
？ WHO has published updated recommendations for international traffic in relation to COVID-19 outbreak. They can be found here.
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主题：COVID-19患者的临床治疗
世卫组织正在与中国和全球的护理COVID-19患者的临床医生以及传染病国际专家密切合作，以实时地更好地了解COVID-19的临床表现，自然病史和治疗干预措施。
COVID-19的大多数患者是成年人。在中国已确诊感染的44672名患者中，有2.1％的患者年龄低于20岁。最常见的症状包括发烧，干咳和呼吸急促，大多数患者（80％）患有轻度疾病。大约14％的人患有较严重疾病，而5％的人则是重病。早期报道表明，疾病的严重程度与年龄（> 60岁）和合并症有关。
COVID-19患者的临床护理重点在于及早识别，立即隔离和实施适当的感染预防和控制（IPC）措施；为轻症患者提供对症治疗；并为患有严重疾病的患者优化了支持治疗。世卫组织已经发布了患者管理指南，包括住院患者的临时临床护理指南以及针对轻度疾病患者的家庭护理指南，这些患者在卫生系统紧张时可以单独在家治疗。
氧气治疗是严重COVID-19患者的主要治疗手段。所有国家都应努力优化脉搏血氧仪和医用氧气系统的可用性。据报道，重症患者的死亡率超过50％，因此，应优化已实施的重症监护干预措施，如肺保护性通气。有关COVID-19重症监护临床培训材料，请访问https://openwho.org/courses/severe-acute-respiratory-infection。首次区域性COVID-19临床病例管理培训于2020年2月25日至28日在布拉柴维尔举行，来自世卫组织非洲区域18个国家的代表参加了该培训。世卫组织将继续进行此类培训，以增加全球对COVID-19患者的管理和护理知识。
世卫组织启动了全球COVID-19临床数据平台，以汇总和报告临床严重程度，从而为公众健康做出反应。鼓励会员国联系EDCARN@who.int以获得登录信息，以做出贡献。
由于目前尚无针对COVID-19的有效抗病毒治疗方法，因此WHO R＆D蓝图已将研究治疗方法列为优先事项，并制定了可在国家一级使用和调整的主要随机临床试验方案。 有许多正在进行的伦理学批准的临床试验正在评估全球范围内的多种不同治疗干预措施，包括优先药物如利托那韦/洛匹那韦和瑞昔地韦。
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SUBJECT IN FOCUS: CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19
WHO is working closely with clinicians caring for patients with COVID-19, in China and across the globe and international experts on infectious disease to better understand, in real time, the clinical presentation, natural history and treatment interventions for COVID-19.
A majority of patients with COVID-19 are adults. Among 44 672 patients in China with confirmed infection, 2.1% were below the age of 20. The most commonly reported symptoms included fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath, and most patients (80%) experienced mild illness. Approximately 14% experienced severe disease and 5% were critically ill. Early reports suggest that illness severity is associated with age (>60 years old) and co-morbid disease.
Clinical care of patients with COVID-19 focuses on early recognition, immediate isolation and implementation of appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) measures; provision of symptomatic care for those with mild illness; and optimized supportive care for those with severe disease. WHO has published patient management guidance, including interim clinical care guidance for hospitalized patients and home care guidance for those with mild disease that may be treated at home in isolation when the health system is strained.
Oxygen therapy is the major treatment intervention for patients with severe COVID-19. All countries should work to optimize the availability of pulse oximeters and medical oxygen systems. Mortality in those with critical illness has been reported as over 50%, thus implementation of proven critical care interventions such as lung protective ventilation should be optimized. COVID-19 critical care clinical training materials are available on https://openwho.org/courses/severe-acute-respiratory-infection. The first regional COVID-19 Clinical Case Management training was conducted in Brazzaville from 25-28 February 2020 with representatives from 18 countries of the WHO African region. WHO will continue to conduct such trainings to increase global knowledge on the management and care of patients with COVID-19.
WHO launched the Global COVID-19 Clinical Data Platform to aggregate and report on clinical severity to inform the public health response. Member States are encouraged to contribute by contacting EDCARN@who.int for log-in information.
As there is currently no known effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19, the WHO R&D Blueprint has prioritized investigational therapeutics and developed a master randomized clinical trial protocol that can be used and adapted at the national level. There are many ongoing ethics-approved clinical trials evaluating a number of different therapeutic interventions globally including priority agents such as ritonavir/lopinavir and remdesivir.
1. Wu, Z. et al. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China; Summary of a Report of 72,314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. Feb 24, 2020.
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战略目标
世卫组织对此作出反应的战略目标是：
？中断人与人之间的传播，包括减少亲密接触者和医护人员之间的继发感染，防止传播扩大事件以及防止进一步的国际传播*；
？尽早识别，隔离和护理患者，包括为感染患者提供最佳护理；
？查明并减少动物来源的传播；
？解决有关临床严重性，传播和感染程度，治疗方案的关键未知问题，并加快诊断，治疗和疫苗的开发；
？向所有社区传达重要的风险和事件信息，并消除错误信息；
？通过多部门伙伴关系最大程度地减少社会和经济影响。
*这可以通过结合公共卫生措施来实现，例如快速识别，诊断和管理病例，识别和跟踪接触者，在医疗机构中预防和控制感染，为旅行者实施健康措施，提高认识-人口增加和风险沟通。
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STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
WHO’s strategic objectives for this response are to:
？ Interrupt human-to-human transmission including reducing secondary infections among close contacts and health care workers, preventing transmission amplification events, and preventing further international spread*;
？ Identify, isolate and care for patients early, including providing optimized care for infected patients;
？ Identify and reduce transmission from the animal source;
？ Address crucial unknowns regarding clinical severity, extent of transmission and infection, treatment options, and accelerate the development of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines;
？ Communicate critical risk and event information to all communities and counter misinformation;
？ Minimize social and economic impact through multisectoral partnerships.
*This can be achieved through a combination of public health measures, such as rapid identification, diagnosis and management of the cases, identification and follow up of the contacts, infection prevention and control in health care settings, implementation of health measures for travelers, awareness-raising in the population and risk communication.
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准备和响应
？要查看有关COVID-19的所有技术指导文件，请访问此网页。
？世卫组织正在与国际航空运输协会（IATA）密切合作，并根据国家查询共同制定了一份指导文件，向机务人员和机场工作人员提供建议。该指南可以在IATA网页上找到。
？世卫组织已与报告病例的会员国保持定期和直接联系。世卫组织还向其他国家通报情况，并根据要求提供支持。
？世卫组织制定了实验室诊断的暂行指南，针对新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）爆发，临床管理，卫生保健场所感染的预防和控制，在家庭护理和卫生保健场所使用口罩的建议，怀疑患有新型冠状病毒，风险交流和社区参与的患者的家庭护理，以及新型冠状病毒对人类感染的全球监测（2019-nCoV）。
？世卫组织正在与其研究人员和其他专家网络合作，以协调有关监测，流行病学，数学建模，诊断和病毒学，临床护理和治疗，感染预防和控制以及风险通报的全球工作。世卫组织已为各国发布了临时指南，并定期更新。
？世卫组织已准备了疾病商品一揽子计划，其中包括必要的生物医学设备，药品和用品的清单，以照顾2019-nCoV患者。
？世卫组织提出了减少从动物传播给人类的风险的建议。
？世卫组织已发布有关新型冠状病毒2019-nCoV爆发的国际贩运最新建议。
？世卫组织已经启动了研发蓝图，以加快诊断，疫苗和治疗的速度。
？世卫组织开发了有关以下主题的在线课程：对新兴呼吸道病毒的概述，包括新型冠状病毒（法语，中文，西班牙语和葡萄牙语）；重症急性呼吸道感染的重症监护；和呼吸道疾病健康与安全简报-ePROTECT
（以法语提供）；新型冠状病毒（COVID-19）的感染预防和控制；重症监护
急性呼吸道感染
？世卫组织正在为早期调查提供指导，这对于在新病毒爆发时及早进行至关重要。从协议中收集的数据可用于完善监测和病例定义的建议，表征COVID-19的主要流行病学传播特征，帮助了解疾病的传播，严重程度，疾病范围，对社区的影响并为以下人群提供操作模型实施对策，例如案例隔离，联系人跟踪和隔离。此处提供了几种协议：https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/early-investigations其中一种协议用于调查早期COVID-19病例和接触者（ “ 2019年新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）感染的首批少数X（FFX）病例和联系调查协议”）。该协议旨在早日了解在任何一个国家中发现的首例COVID-19感染病例的关键临床，流行病学和病毒学特征，以指导制定和更新公共卫生指南以管理病例并减少潜在危害传播和感染的影响。
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PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
？ To view all technical guidance documents regarding COVID-19, please go to this webpage.
？ WHO is working closely with International Air Transport Association (IATA) and have jointly developed a guidance document to provide advice to cabin crew and airport workers, based on country queries. The guidance can be found on the IATA webpage.
？ WHO has been in regular and direct contact with Member States where cases have been reported. WHO is also informing other countries about the situation and providing support as requested.
？ WHO has developed interim guidance for laboratory diagnosis, advice on the use of masks during home care and in health care settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, clinical management, infection prevention and control in health care settings, home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus, risk communication and community engagement and Global Surveillance for human infection with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
？ WHO is working with its networks of researchers and other experts to coordinate global work on surveillance, epidemiology, mathematical modelling, diagnostics and virology, clinical care and treatment, infection prevention and control, and risk communication. WHO has issued interim guidance for countries, which are updated regularly.
？ WHO has prepared a disease commodity package that includes an essential list of biomedical equipment, medicines and supplies necessary to care for patients with 2019-nCoV.
？ WHO has provided recommendations to reduce risk of transmission from animals to humans.
？ WHO has published an updated advice for international traffic in relation to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV.
？ WHO has activated the R&D blueprint to accelerate diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics.
？ WHO has developed online courses on the following topics: A general introduction to emerging respiratory viruses, including novel coronaviruses (available in French, Chinese, Spanish, and Portuguese); Critical Care of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections; and Health and safety briefing for respiratory diseases - ePROTECT
(available in French); Infection Prevention and Control for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19); Critical Care Severe
Acute Respiratory Infection
？ WHO is providing guidance on early investigations, which are critical to carry out early in an outbreak of a new virus. The data collected from the protocols can be used to refine recommendations for surveillance and case definitions, to characterize the key epidemiological transmission features of COVID-19, help understand spread, severity, spectrum of disease, impact on the community and to inform operational models for implementation of countermeasures such as case isolation, contact tracing and isolation. Several protocols are available here: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/early-investigations One such protocol is for the investigation of early COVID-19 cases and contacts (the “First Few X (FFX) Cases and contact investigation protocol for 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection”). The protocol is designed to gain an early understanding of the key clinical, epidemiological and virological characteristics of the first cases of COVID-19 infection detected in any individual country, to inform the development and updating of public health guidance to manage cases and reduce the potential spread and impact of infection.
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对公众的建议和建议
如果您不在COVID-19传播的区域，或者没有从COVID-19传播的区域旅行，或者未与受感染的患者接触，则感染的风险较低。您可能会对爆发感到焦虑，这是可以理解的。最好从可靠的来源中获取事实，以帮助您准确地确定风险，以便采取合理的预防措施（请参阅常见问题）。向WHO，您的医疗保健提供者，您的国家公共卫生当局或您的雇主寻求指导，以获取有关COVID-19以及COVID-19是否在您居住的地方流通的准确信息。重要的是要了解情况并采取适当措施保护自己和家人（请参阅针对所有人的保护措施）。
如果您所在的地区有COVID-19病例，则需要认真对待感染的风险。遵循世界卫生组织的建议以及国家和地方卫生当局发布的指导。对于大多数人来说，COVID-19感染会引起轻度疾病，但它可能使某些人病重，甚至在某些人中可能致命。老年人和患有先前疾病（例如心血管疾病，慢性呼吸道疾病或糖尿病）的人有患严重疾病的风险（请参阅针对在或最近（过去14天）到COVID区域的人的保护措施-19正在传播）。
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RECOMMENDATIONS AND ADVICE FOR THE PUBLIC
If you are not in an area where COVID-19 is spreading, or have not travelled from an area where COVID-19 is spreading, or have not been in contact with an infected patient, your risk of infection is low. It is understandable that you may feel anxious about the outbreak. It’s a good idea to get the facts from reliable sources to help you accurately determine your risks so that you can take reasonable precautions (See Frequently Asked Questions). Seek guidance from WHO, your healthcare provider, your national public health authority or your employer for accurate information on COVID-19 and whether COVID-19 is circulating where you live. It is important to be informed of the situation and take appropriate measures to protect yourself and your family (see Protection measures for everyone).
If you are in an area where there are cases of COVID-19 you need to take the risk of infection seriously. Follow the advice of WHO and guidance issued by national and local health authorities. For most people, COVID-19 infection will cause mild illness however, it can make some people very ill and, in some people, it can be fatal. Older people, and those with pre-existing medical conditions (such as cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease or diabetes) are at risk for severe disease (See Protection measures for persons who are in or have recently visited (past 14 days) areas where COVID-19 is spreading).
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图1. 2020年3月1日报告了确诊COVID-19病例的国家，地区或地区
图2.按报告日期和WHO地区划分的在中国境外报告的确诊COVID-19病例（n = 6567）的流行曲线，其中报告的截止日期为2020年2月29日
表1.中国各省，地区和城市报告的确诊和疑似COVID-19急性呼吸道疾病病例，数据截至2020年3月1日
表2.报告了实验室确认的COVID-19病例和死亡的中国以外的国家，地区或地区。 截至2020年3月1日的数据
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Figure 1. Countries, territories or areas with reported confirmed cases of COVID-19, 01 March 2020
Figure 2. Epidemic curve of confirmed COVID-19 cases (n=6567) reported outside of China, by date of report and WHO region with complete days of reporting through 29 February 2020
Table 1. Confirmed and suspected cases of COVID-19 acute respiratory disease reported by provinces, regions and cities in China, Data as 01 March 2020
Table 2. Countries, territories or areas outside China with reported laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. Data as of 01 March 2020
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